Executive functions refer to a set of cognitive processes that are responsible for goal-directed behavior and decision-making. These processes include abilities such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and problem-solving. Executive functions are crucial for self-regulation, planning, organization, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances. Deficits in executive functions are often associated with conditions such as ADHD, autism, and traumatic brain injuries. Research in this area aims to better understand the underlying neural mechanisms of executive functions, as well as develop interventions and strategies to improve executive functioning in individuals with impairments.